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LEVEL OF UTILIZATION OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE AMONG UNMARRIED LADIES

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Birth control, also known as contraception, encompasses a wide range of methods and practices aimed at preventing pregnancy. It allows individuals and couples to have control over their reproductive choices and plan their families according to their desires and circumstances. Birth control methods can be broadly classified into several categories. Hormonal methods, such as birth control pills, patches, injections and vaginal rings, work by altering hormone levels in the body to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to impede sperm movement and thin the uterine lining to discourage implantation of a fertilized egg (Pradhan, 2017). Barrier methods, including condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps and contraceptive sponges, physically block sperm from reaching the egg. Intrauterine devices (IUDs), both hormonal and non-hormonal, are inserted into the uterus and work by altering the uterine environment to prevent fertilization and implantation. Other methods, such as fertility awareness-based methods, rely on tracking menstrual cycles and avoiding intercourse during fertile periods. Permanent methods, like tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men, provide long-term or permanent contraception. Emergency contraception, commonly known as the “morning-after pill,” is available as a backup option after unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure. According to Jairaj and Dayyala (2016), birth control methods offer numerous benefits beyond preventing pregnancy, including the ability to regulate menstrual cycles, manage hormonal imbalances, reduce the risk of certain cancers and alleviate symptoms of conditions like endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is important to note that birth control methods vary in terms of efficacy, side effects and suitability for different individuals and consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended to determine the most appropriate method based on factors such as overall health, lifestyle and personal preferences.

Contraceptive devices, also known as birth control devices, are highly effective tools designed to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting or controlling the process of fertilization. These devices come in various forms and offer a range of options to individuals and couples seeking to manage their reproductive health. To Makins (2018), one of the most commonly used contraceptive devices is the barrier method, which includes condoms, diaphragms and cervical caps. These devices physically block sperm from reaching the egg, thus preventing fertilization. Hormonal contraceptive devices, such as birth control pills, patches, injections and intrauterine devices (IUDs), work by releasing hormones into the body that inhibit ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to impede sperm movement and thin the uterine lining to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg. Another type of contraceptive device is the intrauterine device (IUD), a small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus, which can be hormonal or non-hormonal. It works by altering the uterine environment to prevent fertilization and implantation. Additionally, there are fertility awareness-based methods that involve tracking menstrual cycles and avoiding sexual intercourse during fertile periods. According to Dereje, Engida and Holland (2020), contraceptive devices play a vital role in family planning, allowing individuals and couples to make informed choices about when and if they want to have children. They offer benefits such as convenience, effectiveness and reversibility, providing individuals with greater control over their reproductive health. It is important to note that while contraceptive devices are highly effective, no method is 100% foolproof and a combination of methods or the consultation of a healthcare professional is recommended to determine the most suitable option based on individual circumstances and needs.

Modern contraceptive devices refer to the advanced and innovative methods and technologies available today for preventing pregnancy. According to Yadav, Joshi and Solanki (2017), these devices have evolved over time to provide individuals and couples with a wide range of effective and convenient options to meet their reproductive health needs. One category of modern contraceptive devices includes hormonal methods, such as birth control pills, patches, injections and vaginal rings, which use synthetic hormones to regulate the menstrual cycle, inhibit ovulation and create a hostile environment for sperm. These methods offer high efficacy rates and can also provide additional benefits like reducing menstrual cramps and improving acne. Another significant advancement in modern contraception is the development of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) devices. To Assefaw (2021), these include intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implants. IUDs, available in hormonal and non-hormonal forms, are inserted into the uterus and can provide contraception for several years, offering a highly effective and low-maintenance option. Contraceptive implants are small, flexible rods inserted under the skin that release hormones over an extended period, typically up to three years. These LARC methods have higher efficacy rates compared to other contraceptive devices and are associated with high user satisfaction due to their convenience and long-lasting nature. Additionally, according to Rademacher, Solomon and Brett (2016), modern contraceptive devices also encompass barrier methods such as male and female condoms, diaphragms and cervical caps, which provide a physical barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the egg. Technological advancements have led to the development of thinner and more durable materials, improving the effectiveness and comfort of these devices. Furthermore, there are fertility awareness-based methods that utilize smartphone apps and wearable devices to track menstrual cycles, basal body temperature and hormonal changes to help individuals identify fertile and non-fertile days. These modern tools offer convenience and accuracy in predicting fertility windows for those who prefer natural methods.

While modern contraceptive devices offer numerous benefits, their usage also comes with certain challenges. One significant challenge is accessibility and affordability. In many regions, particularly low-income and marginalized communities, access to modern contraceptive devices may be limited due to financial constraints, inadequate healthcare infrastructure and lack of awareness (Daba, Deressa & Sinishaw, 2021). Affordability issues can prevent individuals from accessing the most effective and advanced methods, leading to a reliance on less reliable or outdated options. Another challenge is the need for consistent and correct usage. Some contraceptive devices, such as birth control pills or patches, require daily or regular administration and failure to adhere to the prescribed regimen can reduce their effectiveness. In the case of barrier methods, incorrect use or failure to use them consistently can result in contraceptive failure. Additionally, hormonal methods may have side effects, such as nausea, mood changes, or weight fluctuations, which can affect user satisfaction and adherence. Another challenge is the requirement for healthcare provider involvement. Some contraceptive devices, such as intrauterine devices (IUDs) or implants, need to be inserted or removed by a healthcare professional. Limited access to healthcare services or lack of trained providers can pose barriers to obtaining and maintaining these devices. Furthermore, Geda (2021) argued that cultural and social factors can also present challenges. Stigma, misinformation, or cultural norms may discourage individuals from seeking or using modern contraceptive devices. In some cases, religious or personal beliefs may conflict with the use of certain methods, leading to limited choices. Again, the effectiveness of any contraceptive method can be compromised by human error, such as incorrect usage or failure to follow instructions.

The utilization of modern contraceptive devices among single ladies is influenced by a variety of factors. Firstly, awareness and knowledge about different contraceptive methods play a crucial role. Single ladies need access to accurate and comprehensive information about modern contraceptive devices, their effectiveness, benefits, potential side effects and how to use them correctly. According to Sandy (2015), lack of awareness or misinformation can hinder their utilization. Additionally, cultural norms surrounding sexuality and contraception may impact the willingness of single ladies to use these devices. Stigma or judgment associated with seeking contraception as an unmarried woman can create barriers and discourage their utilization. Accessibility and affordability also play a significant role. Availability of modern contraceptive devices in healthcare settings, including clinics or pharmacies and their affordability influence utilization rates. Limited access to healthcare services or financial constraints can make it challenging for single ladies to obtain the devices they desire. According to Sitrin, Pfitzer and Ndirangu (2021), privacy concerns may also come into play, as some individuals may be hesitant to seek contraceptive devices due to fears of their personal information being disclosed or their privacy being compromised. Lastly, individual preferences and personal circumstances can influence the utilization of modern contraceptive devices. Factors such as lifestyle, future plans, health considerations and personal beliefs all come into play when making decisions about contraception.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The extent of utilization of modern contraceptive devices amidst single ladies in the University of Abuja is not well understood. The current situation lacks comprehensive research and targeted interventions specifically addressing this issue. As a consequence, there is limited knowledge about the factors influencing contraceptive decision-making, as well as the barriers and challenges that hinder single ladies’ access to and effective use of modern contraceptive devices. This knowledge gap poses significant implications for the reproductive health and overall well-being of single ladies in the University of Abuja. Without access to accurate information and resources, they may face unintended pregnancies, limited reproductive autonomy and potential disruptions to their educational and career aspirations. Additionally, the absence of tailored interventions may perpetuate societal stigmas, misconceptions and inadequate support systems related to contraceptive use among this specific population.

Thus, there is an urgent need to conduct research that specifically investigates the extent of utilization of modern contraceptive devices among single ladies in the University of Abuja. By exploring the degree of utilisation of contraceptive methods, this study aims to uncover critical insights into the underlying factors that shape their decision-making process. Moreover, this research seeks to identify the barriers that hinder access to modern contraceptive devices, such as financial constraints, lack of information, cultural norms and limited availability of services. By understanding these barriers, the study will inform the development of targeted interventions and strategies to address these challenges effectively.

Ultimately, the goal of this research is to contribute to evidence-based approaches that promote the effective utilization of modern contraceptive devices among single ladies in the University of Abuja. By empowering them with accurate information, promoting reproductive autonomy and addressing the barriers they face, this study aims to enhance their overall well-being, support their educational and career goals and enable them to make informed decisions about their reproductive health.

Through this comprehensive investigation, it is anticipated that the findings will pave the way for tailored interventions, awareness campaigns and policy recommendations that will positively impact the reproductive health outcomes of single ladies in the University of Abuja. By closing the existing knowledge gap and implementing targeted strategies, this research aims to improve the lives of single ladies, reduce unintended pregnancies and create a supportive environment that respects their reproductive choices and aspirations.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

            The aim of this study is to examine the degree of utilization of modern contraceptive devices amidst single ladies in university of Abuja. The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To identify the factors influencing the utilization of modern contraceptive devices among single ladies in the University of Abuja.
2. To examine the barriers and challenges faced by single ladies in the University of Abuja in accessing and utilizing modern contraceptive devices.
3. To propose recommendations and strategies to improve the utilization of modern contraceptive devices among single ladies in the University of Abuja, with a focus on enhancing awareness, addressing misconceptions and improving access to contraceptive services.

1.4 Research Questions

            The study is guided by the following research questions:

1. What factors influence the utilization of modern contraceptive devices among single ladies in the University of Abuja?
2. What are the barriers and challenges faced by single ladies in the University of Abuja in accessing and utilizing modern contraceptive devices?
3. What recommendations and strategies can be proposed to improve the utilization of modern contraceptive devices among single ladies in the University of Abuja, with a focus on enhancing awareness, addressing misconceptions and improving access to contraceptive services?

1.5 Hypotheses

            The following null hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 level of significance:

1. There is no significant relationship between the factors influencing the utilization of modern contraceptive devices and being a single lady in the University of Abuja.
2. There is no significant relationship between the barriers and challenges faced in accessing and utilizing modern contraceptive devices and being a single lady in the University of Abuja.
3. There is no significant relationship between the recommendations and strategies proposed to improve the utilization of modern contraceptive devices and being a single lady in the University of Abuja.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study is significant, especially now that population control has become a top priority for many individuals. This study will be of benefit to the following stakeholders:

The study’s findings can directly benefit single ladies by providing insights into their utilization of modern contraceptive devices. The research can help identify gaps in knowledge and address misconceptions, leading to improved decision-making regarding contraceptive use and family planning.

The study can provide valuable information to the University of Abuja Health Services department, enabling them to tailor their reproductive health services and educational programs to better meet the needs of single ladies. It can contribute to the development of targeted interventions and initiatives aimed at promoting safe and effective contraceptive use.

The findings can be beneficial to the university administration in terms of informing policies and guidelines related to reproductive health and family planning services. The research can guide the development of programs that support the well-being and reproductive health of single female students.

The study’s outcomes can provide healthcare professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and counselors, with a deeper understanding of the utilization patterns and challenges faced by single ladies in accessing modern contraceptive devices. This knowledge can assist healthcare providers in offering appropriate counseling, support, and guidance to improve contraceptive services.

The research can be valuable to policymakers and government agencies involved in reproductive health and family planning programs. The findings can inform policy decisions and the allocation of resources to address barriers to contraceptive utilization among single ladies, ultimately contributing to improved reproductive health outcomes.

The study can serve as a resource for future research and academic studies focused on reproductive health, family planning, and the utilization of modern contraceptive devices among single ladies. It can provide a foundation for further investigations and contribute to the existing body of knowledge in this field.

1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

            This study covers the degree of utilization of modern contraceptive devices amidst single ladies in the University of Abuja. It focuses specifically on single female students enrolled at the University of Abuja. The study examines the level of utilization of modern contraceptive devices among this specific population. It encompasses factors influencing contraceptive utilization, barriers and challenges faced in accessing and utilizing modern contraceptive devices, and the recommendations and strategies proposed to improve utilization. The study does not extend to include married women, males, or individuals outside the University of Abuja. Additionally, while the research aims to provide insights into the degree of utilization, it does not delve into the effectiveness or health outcomes associated with specific contraceptive methods. The study primarily addresses the specific context of single ladies within the University of Abuja and does not encompass a larger national or regional scope.

1.8 Operational Definitions of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally as used in the context of this study:

Degree of Utilization: The extent to which single ladies in the University of Abuja actively and consistently employ modern contraceptive devices for the purpose of preventing unintended pregnancies. It can be measured by factors such as the frequency and consistency of contraceptive use among the target population.

Modern Contraceptive Devices: Refers to a range of contemporary methods designed to prevent pregnancy, including but not limited to oral contraceptive pills, intrauterine devices (IUDs), contraceptive implants, injectables, patches, vaginal rings, male and female condoms, and emergency contraception. These methods are approved by relevant health authorities and are considered effective and safe for contraceptive purposes.

Single Ladies: In the context of this study, refers to unmarried females who are enrolled as students at the University of Abuja. This includes women who have never been married, those who are divorced, separated, or widowed, as long as they are not currently in a legally recognized marital relationship.