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EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE ON THE HEALTH BEHAVIOR OF TRADERS IN IFAKO IJAIYE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCITON

1.1 Background to the Study

Environmental hygiene refers to the practice of maintaining and promoting cleanliness, health, and safety in the surrounding physical environment to prevent the spread of diseases and ensure the well-being of individuals. It encompasses a broad range of measures aimed at controlling and reducing the presence of harmful agents, such as bacteria, viruses, pollutants, and allergens, in various settings, including homes, workplaces, schools, healthcare facilities, and public spaces. According to Anyebe (2019) environmental hygiene involves implementing strategies like regular cleaning, disinfection, waste management, proper ventilation, and the use of protective barriers to minimize the transmission of pathogens and contaminants. It also includes promoting good personal hygiene practices, such as handwashing, proper sanitation, and waste disposal. By maintaining a clean and healthy environment, environmental hygiene plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries, and enhancing overall well-being. Furthermore, it contributes to the sustainability and preservation of the natural environment by promoting responsible resource management and waste reduction. Ultimately, the concept of environmental hygiene underscores the importance of taking proactive measures to create and maintain environments that support human health, safety, and ecological balance.

Health behavior refers to the actions, habits, and choices individuals make that influence their health status and well-being. It encompasses a wide range of behaviors, including lifestyle choices, adherence to preventive measures, and engagement in health-promoting activities. According to Ahmad (2017) health behaviors can be categorized into two main types: those that promote health and prevent illness (such as exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, getting vaccinated, practicing safe sex, and avoiding smoking), and those that contribute to the development or exacerbation of health problems (such as unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyle, substance abuse, and risky sexual behaviors). Health behavior is influenced by a complex interplay of individual factors (such as knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, self-efficacy, and motivation), social and environmental factors (such as family, peers, culture, socioeconomic status, and physical surroundings), and structural factors (such as access to healthcare, education, and policies). Effective health behavior change often involves interventions that target multiple levels and address barriers to behavior change, while promoting supportive environments and providing individuals with the skills and resources necessary to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors. Understanding health behavior is crucial for public health efforts, as it informs the development of interventions and policies aimed at promoting positive health outcomes and reducing the burden of preventable diseases and conditions.

The nexus between environmental hygiene and health outcomes has been a subject of intense research and debate in public health literature for decades. The significance of a clean environment is often underscored not just by its aesthetic appeal, but by its pivotal role in preventing diseases and promoting overall health and well-being (World Health Organization, 2018). For traders and those involved in commercial activities, the state of the environment in which they operate is crucial, as it has the potential to directly influence their health, productivity, and economic outcomes (Kunle, 2019). Previous research has suggested that environments with poor sanitation and inadequate waste management facilities are conducive to the spread of infectious diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, and other gastrointestinal infections (Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019). Traders in such environments are at a heightened risk due to their prolonged exposure to these conditions. For instance, contaminated food or water sources in markets can serve as vectors for disease transmission, potentially leading to outbreaks that can have severe health and economic consequences.

The effects of environmental hygiene on the health behavior of traders in Nigeria are significant and multifaceted. Environmental hygiene practices directly impact the health and well-being of traders by reducing the risk of infectious diseases and promoting a clean and safe working environment. Traders who operate in clean and hygienic settings are less likely to be exposed to pathogens and contaminants that can lead to illnesses and infections. According to Jang (2015) proper waste management, regular cleaning, and disinfection measures in marketplaces can help prevent the spread of diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, and foodborne illnesses. Moreover, a clean and organized environment can contribute to a positive psychological state, leading to increased motivation and productivity among traders. It can also enhance the overall perception of hygiene among traders and customers, fostering trust and attracting more business. Additionally, environmental hygiene practices can positively influence the health behavior of traders by raising awareness and promoting good hygiene practices. For instance, by providing access to clean water and adequate sanitation facilities, traders are more likely to engage in handwashing and personal hygiene practices, which are crucial for preventing the transmission of diseases (Yakubu, 2019). Proper waste disposal and pest control measures can minimize the presence of vectors and pests that can contribute to the spread of diseases.

In addition to the direct health implications, the state of environmental hygiene in trading hubs can influence the health behaviors and practices of traders. A study by Adewoye and Afolabi (2016) found that traders who perceived their environment as unhygienic were more likely to adopt personal protective behaviors, such as frequent hand washing and the use of sanitizers. On the flip side, the perception of a clean environment could lead to complacency, making traders less vigilant about their health practices.

Furthermore, the economic implications cannot be overlooked. Markets perceived as unclean or unsanitary could deter consumers, leading to decreased footfall and sales for traders. This has the potential to exacerbate poverty levels and diminish the economic vitality of the area. According to the World Bank (2020), clean and hygienic marketplaces not only foster consumer trust but also contribute significantly to local economies by attracting more patrons and stimulating trade.

In the sprawling urban landscapes of developing nations, local markets stand as epicenters of trade, culture, and daily life. These markets, often bustling with activity, play a pivotal role in the economic and social fabric of communities. One such community is Ifako Ijaiye, located in the heart of Lagos State, Nigeria. The traders in Ifako Ijaiye, like those in other parts of Nigeria, are the lifeblood of the local economy, ensuring the flow of goods and services to meet the demands of the populace. However, the health behavior and environmental hygiene practices of these traders can have profound implications not only for their personal well-being but also for the broader community. This introductory discourse aims to shed light on the intricate relationship between environmental hygiene and the health behaviors of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government.

Ifako Ijaiye, located in Lagos State, Nigeria, is home to a vibrant trading community, with bustling markets and commercial hubs that serve as the lifeblood of its local economy. However, like many other rapidly urbanizing regions, it grapples with the challenges posed by waste management, water and sanitation issues, and other environmental concerns (Lagos State Government, 2017). The environmental conditions in such areas not only determine the health outcomes of the traders but also have a ripple effect on the consumers who frequent these markets.

It is in line with the above discussion that this study seeks to examine Effects of Environmental Hygiene and Health Behavior of Traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Many traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government are facing health-related issues such as frequent illnesses, digestive problems, and respiratory ailments. These health issues have a significant impact on the well-being and livelihood of the traders. Additionally, poor environmental hygiene not only affects the health of the traders but also has potential consequences for the community and customers they serve.

Environmental hygiene plays a pivotal role in influencing various health behaviors among traders. Firstly, proper waste management and sanitation practices can encourage traders to maintain clean stalls and workspaces, reducing the risk of contamination and the spread of diseases. Traders operating in a hygienic environment are more likely to prioritize personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing, which can prevent the transmission of pathogens. Adequate ventilation and air quality control can promote respiratory health, reducing the likelihood of respiratory infections among traders. According to Ihedioha (2017) access to clean water and sanitation facilities can encourage traders to stay hydrated, maintain proper hydration levels, and promote overall well-being. Furthermore, a clean and organized environment can foster healthy eating habits by reducing exposure to unhygienic food handling practices and encouraging the consumption of fresh and nutritious foods. Traders working in a hygienic environment are also more likely to engage in regular physical activity, as a clean and safe space promotes movement and encourages active lifestyles.

It is becoming increasingly evident that the deteriorating environmental hygiene conditions in the trading areas of Ifako Ijaiye Local Government may pose serious risks to the health and well-being of traders. There is a growing concern that if these issues are not addressed promptly, they could lead to severe health problems, reduced productivity, and economic hardships for the traders and the community as a whole. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the relationship between environmental hygiene and the health behavior of traders in this area to identify potential solutions.

While there may be existing studies on the impact of environmental hygiene on health behavior, there is a dearth of research specific to the context of Ifako Ijaiye Local Government and its unique trading environment. Existing studies may not fully capture the nuances and challenges faced by traders in this area. Furthermore, there is limited information on the specific health behaviors influenced by environmental hygiene conditions and the potential interventions that could be effective in improving the situation for traders.

It is because of these pressing concerns and the need for a tailored approach that this research aims to investigate the effects of environmental hygiene on the health behavior of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government. By addressing this knowledge gap, we hope to develop targeted strategies and recommendations that will enhance the well-being and health practices of the traders, ultimately benefiting both the traders and the broader community.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The study aims to investigate the effects of environmental hygiene on the health behavior of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government. The following are the specific objectives:

1. Assess the current level of environmental hygiene in the trading areas of Ifako Ijaiye Local Government, including waste management practices, sanitation facilities, ventilation, and air quality control.
2. Investigate the health behaviors of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government, focusing on personal hygiene practices (such as handwashing), nutrition and eating habits, hydration practices, respiratory health, and physical activity levels.
3. Examine the relationship between environmental hygiene and the health behaviors of traders, exploring how a clean and hygienic environment influences personal hygiene practices, healthy eating habits, hydration levels, respiratory health, and physical activity engagement.
4. Identify the barriers and facilitators that traders face in adopting and maintaining positive health behaviors in relation to environmental hygiene, including access to resources, knowledge, attitudes, and social and cultural factors.
5. Provide recommendations and strategies for improving environmental hygiene practices in trading areas, with a focus on creating a clean and safe environment that promotes and supports positive health behaviors among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government.

1.4 Research Questions

            The following questions guided the study:

1. What is the current level of environmental hygiene in the trading areas of Ifako Ijaiye Local Government, including waste management practices, sanitation facilities, ventilation, and air quality control?
2. What are the health behaviors of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government, specifically in relation to personal hygiene practices (such as handwashing), nutrition and eating habits, hydration practices, respiratory health, and physical activity levels?

• How does a clean and hygienic environment influence the health behaviors of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government, particularly in terms of personal hygiene practices, healthy eating habits, hydration levels, respiratory health, and physical activity engagement?

1. What are the barriers and facilitators that traders face in adopting and maintaining positive health behaviors concerning environmental hygiene, including access to resources, knowledge, attitudes, and social and cultural factors?
2. What recommendations and strategies can be proposed to improve environmental hygiene practices in trading areas of Ifako Ijaiye Local Government, with a focus on creating a clean and safe environment that promotes and supports positive health behaviors among traders?

1.5 Significance of the Study

Educational Institutions: Schools and universities could use the study as a case study for teaching public health concepts, research methods, and community-based interventions.

Community Organizations: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, and advocacy organizations could use the study’s findings to raise awareness, advocate for improved environmental conditions, and promote healthier behaviors among traders.

Health Professionals: Doctors, nurses, and other healthcare providers working in the area could incorporate the study’s findings into their practice to better understand the health needs of traders and provide more targeted healthcare services.

Urban Planners and Architects: Professionals involved in urban planning and architecture could use the study’s insights to design and create more hygienic and health-promoting spaces within marketplaces and trading areas.

Media and Communication Outlets: Journalists and media outlets could use the study’s findings to raise public awareness about the importance of environmental hygiene and healthy behaviors among traders and the broader community.

Government Agencies and Ministries: Higher-level government agencies responsible for public health, sanitation, and trade could utilize the study’s findings to develop broader policies and strategies for improving hygiene and health behaviors in similar trading environments.

Overall, the study’s outcomes could lead to positive changes in the practices and policies related to environmental hygiene and health behavior, ultimately benefiting the well-being and quality of life of traders and the surrounding community.

• Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study is confined to Ifako Ijaiye Local Government in Lagos, Nigeria. It encompasses all the major trading areas, markets, and informal trading spots within this administrative boundary. The target population for this study includes traders within Ifako Ijaiye Local Government. The definition of traders in this study refers to individuals who sell goods and services directly to consumers. The research will cover a specific period, most likely spanning 3 months, to understand the prevalent hygiene and health behaviors within that timeframe. The study will investigate environmental hygiene practices. This includes cleanliness of trading spaces, waste disposal methods, pest control, and ventilation among others. Health behaviors under investigation will encompass personal hygiene (like handwashing), use of protective clothing or gear, adherence to public health guidelines, and general health habits of the traders. While the research focuses on traders, other stakeholders like consumers, regulators, or landlords of trading spaces will not be the primary respondents. However, their inputs might be sought in some instances for a holistic understanding. The study is limited to environmental hygiene and does not broadly cover all environmental factors affecting traders’ health. Factors like air pollution, noise levels, or climate change impacts, unless directly linked to hygiene, will not be the central focus.

1.7 Operational Definitions of Terms

Environmental Hygiene: The level of cleanliness and sanitation within the trading area, including factors such as waste disposal practices, cleanliness of stalls and surroundings, presence of pests, and overall tidiness. Measured using a scale ranging from poor to excellent based on visual assessment and hygiene standards.

Health Behavior: Actions and practices related to personal and public health undertaken by traders. This includes hygiene practices, such as handwashing, use of personal protective equipment (e.g., masks and gloves), and adherence to food safety protocols. Measured through self-reported surveys and observations.

Traders: Individuals engaged in buying and selling goods or services within the Ifako Ijaiye Local Government area. Identified based on their occupation, location of business, and registration with relevant authorities.

Effects: The direct and indirect outcomes or consequences of environmental hygiene and health behavior on traders’ well-being. These may include physical health indicators (e.g., illness rates), psychological well-being (e.g., stress levels), and economic performance (e.g., sales and profits). Measured using a combination of surveys, health records, and financial data.

Ifako Ijaiye Local Government: The specific administrative region under consideration, encompassing geographical boundaries, local regulations, and governing bodies. Defined by the official administrative boundaries and jurisdictional criteria set by the relevant government authority.

Cleanliness Score: A quantitative measure of the level of tidiness and sanitation within the trading area, often determined through a systematic evaluation of factors such as waste management, cleanliness of stalls, absence of litter, and overall organization. Measured on a numerical scale, such as 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better environmental hygiene.

Hygiene Compliance Rate: The percentage of traders who consistently adhere to recommended health and sanitation practices, including handwashing, use of protective gear, and food safety protocols. Calculated by dividing the number of compliant traders by the total number of surveyed traders and multiplying by 100.

Health-Related Incidents: Instances of illnesses, infections, or health issues reported by traders within a specified time frame. Recorded based on self-reported data, medical records, and incident reports.

Economic Performance: The financial success of traders’ businesses, measured by key indicators such as total sales revenue, profit margins, and customer retention rates. Quantified using financial records and sales data.

Well-Being Index: A composite measure of traders’ overall well-being, combining physical health, psychological health, and economic performance indicators. Calculated using a weighted formula that assigns relative importance to each component based on their significance.

These operational definitions provide clarity and guidance for researchers studying the effects of environmental hygiene and health behavior among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government.

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