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EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE ON THE HEALTH BEHAVIOR OF TRADERS IN IFAKO IJAIYE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE

 ABSTRACT

This research study examines the effects of environmental hygiene on the health behavior of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State. The research methodology employed a descriptive research survey design and a self-structured questionnaire titled “Effects of Environmental Hygiene on the Health Behavior of Traders” was used as the research instrument. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were ensured through expert validation and test-retest methods. Data was collected from 100 respondents using convenient sampling technique, and the collected data was analyzed using percentages, frequency counts, and inferential statistics. The results showed that environmental hygiene significantly influenced dietary habits, safety practices, and personal hygiene among the traders. The findings suggest that maintaining a clean environment can contribute to healthier behaviors and overall well-being of traders in the study area. It was recommended that government should increase awareness among traders about the importance of environmental hygiene and its impact on health behavior.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Environmental hygiene refers to the practice of maintaining and promoting cleanliness, health, and safety in the surrounding physical environment to prevent the spread of diseases and ensure the well-being of individuals. It encompasses a broad range of measures aimed at controlling and reducing the presence of harmful agents, such as bacteria, viruses, pollutants, and allergens, in various settings, including homes, workplaces, schools, healthcare facilities, and public spaces (Phillips & Agboola, 2020). According to Anyebe (2019) environmental hygiene involves implementing strategies like regular cleaning, disinfection, waste management, proper ventilation, and the use of protective barriers to minimize the transmission of pathogens and contaminants. It also includes promoting good personal hygiene practices, such as handwashing, proper sanitation, and waste disposal. By maintaining a clean and healthy environment, environmental hygiene plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries, and enhancing overall well-being. Furthermore, it contributes to the sustainability and preservation of the natural environment by promoting responsible resource management and waste reduction. Ultimately, the concept of environmental hygiene underscores the importance of taking proactive measures to create and maintain environments that support human health, safety, and ecological balance.

Health behavior refers to the actions, habits, and choices individuals make that influence their health status and well-being. It encompasses a wide range of behaviors, including lifestyle choices, adherence to preventive measures, and engagement in health-promoting activities. According to Ahmad (2017) health behaviors can be categorized into two main types: those that promote health and prevent illness (such as exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, getting vaccinated, practicing safe sex, and avoiding smoking), and those that contribute to the development or exacerbation of health problems (such as unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyle, substance abuse, and risky sexual behaviors). Health behavior is influenced by a complex interplay of individual factors (such as knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, self-efficacy, and motivation), social and environmental factors (such as family, peers, culture, socioeconomic status, and physical surroundings), and structural factors (such as access to healthcare, education, and policies). Effective health behavior change often involves interventions that target multiple levels and address barriers to behavior change, while promoting supportive environments and providing individuals with the skills and resources necessary to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors. Understanding health behavior is crucial for public health efforts, as it informs the development of interventions and policies aimed at promoting positive health outcomes and reducing the burden of preventable diseases and conditions.

Environmental hygiene factors such as cleanliness and proper waste management in trading environments are essential for maintaining a healthy and hygienic space. Adequate waste management practices, including proper disposal and regular cleaning, help prevent the accumulation of garbage and the spread of diseases. Access to clean water and handwashing facilities is also crucial for promoting good hygiene practices among traders. Handwashing with soap and clean water is effective in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Adequate ventilation and air quality within the trading area contribute to a healthy environment by removing pollutants and ensuring the circulation of fresh air (Jimwan, 2021). Proper storage and handling of food products help prevent contamination and foodborne illnesses. Pest control measures are necessary to minimize the presence of insects or rodents, which can contaminate food and spread diseases.

Regarding health behavior factors, personal hygiene practices, such as handwashing, proper food handling, and wearing protective gear, are crucial for preventing the transmission of diseases among traders. Adhering to safety protocols and regulations, including the use of personal protective equipment, helps protect traders from hazards and contaminants in the trading environment. Dietary choices and nutrition practices play a significant role in the health of traders. Consuming balanced meals, avoiding unhygienic food sources, and maintaining proper hydration are important for overall well-being (Achia, 2019). Regular exercise and physical activity promote good health and well-being by strengthening the immune system and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Awareness and utilization of healthcare services, including seeking medical attention when necessary and following preventive measures, are important for maintaining good health among traders. Regular check-ups, appropriate screenings, and vaccinations can help prevent and detect health issues early on.

The nexus between environmental hygiene and health outcomes has been a subject of intense research and debate in public health literature for decades. The significance of a clean environment is often underscored not just by its aesthetic appeal, but by its pivotal role in preventing diseases and promoting overall health and well-being (World Health Organization, 2018). For traders and those involved in commercial activities, the state of the environment in which they operate is crucial, as it has the potential to directly influence their health, productivity, and economic outcomes (Kunle, 2019). Previous research has suggested that environments with poor sanitation and inadequate waste management facilities are conducive to the spread of infectious diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, and other gastrointestinal infections (Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019). Traders in such environments are at a heightened risk due to their prolonged exposure to these conditions. For instance, contaminated food or water sources in markets can serve as vectors for disease transmission, potentially leading to outbreaks that can have severe health and economic consequences.

The effects of environmental hygiene on the health behavior of traders in Nigeria are significant and multifaceted. Environmental hygiene practices directly impact the health and well-being of traders by reducing the risk of infectious diseases and promoting a clean and safe working environment. Traders who operate in clean and hygienic settings are less likely to be exposed to pathogens and contaminants that can lead to illnesses and infections (Ogunjobi, 2018). According to Jang (2015) proper waste management, regular cleaning, and disinfection measures in marketplaces can help prevent the spread of diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, and foodborne illnesses. Moreover, a clean and organized environment can contribute to a positive psychological state, leading to increased motivation and productivity among traders. It can also enhance the overall perception of hygiene among traders and customers, fostering trust and attracting more business. Additionally, environmental hygiene practices can positively influence the health behavior of traders by raising awareness and promoting good hygiene practices. For instance, by providing access to clean water and adequate sanitation facilities, traders are more likely to engage in handwashing and personal hygiene practices, which are crucial for preventing the transmission of diseases (Yakubu, 2019). Proper waste disposal and pest control measures can minimize the presence of vectors and pests that can contribute to the spread of diseases.

In addition to the direct health implications, the state of environmental hygiene in trading hubs can influence the health behaviors and practices of traders. A study by Adewoye and Afolabi (2016) found that traders who perceived their environment as unhygienic were more likely to adopt personal protective behaviors, such as frequent hand washing and the use of sanitizers. On the flip side, the perception of a clean environment could lead to complacency, making traders less vigilant about their health practices.

Furthermore, the economic implications cannot be overlooked. Markets perceived as unclean or unsanitary could deter consumers, leading to decreased footfall and sales for traders. This has the potential to exacerbate poverty levels and diminish the economic vitality of the area. According to the World Bank (2020), clean and hygienic marketplaces not only foster consumer trust but also contribute significantly to local economies by attracting more patrons and stimulating trade. In the sprawling urban landscapes of developing nations, local markets stand as epicenters of trade, culture, and daily life. These markets, often bustling with activity, play a pivotal role in the economic and social fabric of communities. One such community is Ifako Ijaiye, located in the heart of Lagos State, Nigeria. The traders in IfakoIjaiye, like those in other parts of Nigeria, are the lifeblood of the local economy, ensuring the flow of goods and services to meet the demands of the populace. However, the health behavior and environmental hygiene practices of these traders can have profound implications not only for their personal well-being but also for the broader community (Okafor & Adebayo, 2017).

Ifako Ijaiye, located in Lagos State, Nigeria, is home to a vibrant trading community, with bustling markets and commercial hubs that serve as the lifeblood of its local economy. However, like many other rapidly urbanizing regions, it grapples with the challenges posed by waste management, water and sanitation issues, and other environmental concerns (Lagos State Government, 2017). The environmental conditions in such areas not only determine the health outcomes of the traders but also have a ripple effect on the consumers who frequent these markets.

It is in line with the above discussion that this study seeks to examine effects of environmental hygiene on health behavior of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Many traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government are facing health-related issues such as frequent illnesses, digestive problems, and respiratory ailments. These health issues may have a significant impact on the well-being and livelihood of the traders. Additionally, poor environmental hygiene not only affects the health of the traders but also has potential consequences for the community and customers they serve.

Environmental hygiene plays a pivotal role in influencing various health behaviors among traders. Firstly, proper waste management and sanitation practices can encourage traders to maintain clean stalls and workspaces, reducing the risk of contamination and the spread of diseases. Traders operating in a hygienic environment are more likely to prioritize personal hygiene practices such as regular handwashing, which can prevent the transmission of pathogens. Adequate ventilation and air quality control can promote respiratory health, reducing the likelihood of respiratory infections among traders. According to Ihedioha (2017) access to clean water and sanitation facilities can encourage traders to stay hydrated, maintain proper hydration levels, and promote overall well-being. Furthermore, a clean and organized environment can foster healthy eating habits by reducing exposure to unhygienic food handling practices and encouraging the consumption of fresh and nutritious foods. Traders working in a hygienic environment are also more likely to engage in regular physical activity, as a clean and safe space promotes movement and encourages active lifestyles.

It is becoming increasingly evident that the deteriorating environmental hygiene conditions in the trading areas of Ifako Ijaiye Local Government may pose serious risks to the health and well-being of traders. There is a growing concern that if these issues are not addressed promptly, they could lead to severe health problems, reduced productivity, and economic hardships for the traders and the community as a whole. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the relationship between environmental hygiene and the health behavior of traders in this area to identify potential solutions.

While there may be existing studies on the impact of environmental hygiene on health behavior, there is a dearth of research specific to the context of Ifako Ijaiye Local Government and its unique trading environment. Existing studies may not fully capture the nuances and challenges faced by traders in this area. Furthermore, there is limited information on the specific health behaviors influenced by environmental hygiene conditions and the potential interventions that could be effective in improving the situation for traders.

It is because of these pressing concerns and the need for a tailored approach that this research aims to investigate the effect of environmental hygiene on the health behavior of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State. By addressing this knowledge gap, we hope to develop targeted strategies and recommendations that will enhance the well-being and health practices of the traders, ultimately benefiting both the traders and the broader community.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The study aims to investigate the effect of environmental hygiene on the health behavior of traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State. The following are the specific objectives:

1. To assess the effect of environmental hygiene on dietary habit in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
2. To examine the effect of environmental hygiene on safety practices among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
3. To investigate the effect of environmental hygiene on personal hygiene among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.

1.4 Research Questions

The following questions guided the study:

1. What is the effect of environmental hygiene in dietary habit among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State?
2. What is the effect of environmental hygiene on safety practices among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State?
3. What is the effect of environmental hygiene on personal hygiene among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses are formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance:

1. Environmental hygiene will have no significant effect on dietary habit among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
2. Environmental hygiene will have no significant effect of safety practices among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.

iii. Environmental hygiene will have no significant effect on personal hygiene among traders in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study cannot be underemphasized. The study will be of benefit to educational institutions, community organisations, health professionals, urban planners and architects and future researchers.

Schools and universities could utilize the study as a case study to enhance their teaching of public health concepts, research methods, and community-based interventions. The study’s findings can serve as practical examples for students, helping them understand the application of theoretical knowledge in real-world settings.

Community organizations such asNon-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, and advocacy organizations can leverage the study’s findings to raise awareness about the environmental conditions affecting traders. They can use the study’s evidence to advocate for improved conditions and implement interventions that promote healthier behaviors among traders, ultimately contributing to the overall well-being of the community.

Health professionals such as doctors, nurses, and other healthcare providers working in the area can integrate the study’s findings into their practice. By understanding the specific health needs and challenges faced by traders, healthcare professionals can tailor their services to address these needs more effectively. The study’s insights can inform healthcare providers about the environmental and behavioral factors that impact the health of traders, allowing them to provide targeted and comprehensive care.

When this study is completed, it will serve as a contribution to the already-existing body of literature on environmental hygiene and it will also serve as a reference material to future researchers.

1.7 Delimitation of the Study

This study is focused on examining the effect of environmental hygiene on the health behavior of traders specifically in Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.

The study will utilize a sample of 300 traders within Ifako Ijaiye Local Government, and it does not encompass other geographical areas or populations.

1.8 Limitation of the Study

One significant challenge is the issue of illiteracy among the traders, which may hinder effective communication, understanding, and participation in the study. To address this, the researcher could employ strategies such as using local language interpreters and providing clear explanations to ensure that participants comprehend the purpose of the study. Establishing rapport and building trust with the traders through community engagement and involving local leaders can help mitigate potential challenges and enhance participation in the study.

1.9 Operational Definitions of Terms

The following terms are defined based on how they are used in the study:

Environmental Hygiene: The level of cleanliness and sanitation within the trading area, including factors such as waste disposal practices, cleanliness of stalls and surroundings, and overall tidiness.

Health Behavior: Actions and practices related to personal and public health undertaken by traders. This includes hygiene practices, such as hand washing, use of personal protective equipment (e.g., masks and gloves), and adherence to food safety protocols.

Traders: Individuals engaged in buying and selling goods or services within the Ifako Ijaiye Local Government area. Identified based on their occupation, location of business, and registration with relevant authorities.

Dietary Habit: For the purpose of this study, dietary habit refers to the specific eating patterns, food choices, and nutritional practices of the traders in the Ifako Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State. It includes the types of foods consumed, meal frequency, portion sizes, food preparation methods, and adherence to dietary guidelines.

Safety Practices: In the context of this study, safety practices pertain to the measures and behaviors adopted by traders to ensure physical safety and minimize the risk of accidents, injuries, or harm in their trading environment. It encompasses practices such as proper storage and handling of goods, use of protective equipment, adherence to safety regulations, and maintenance of a safe working environment.

Personal Hygiene: Personal hygiene, as defined for this study, refers to the individual cleanliness practices and behaviors of the traders in relation to their personal care and grooming. It includes activities such as handwashing, bathing or showering, oral hygiene (brushing teeth), hair care, nail care, and the use of personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, masks) when necessary to maintain cleanliness and prevent the spread of diseases.